Islamic scholars Essay

Western way of thinking of religion, as the essential predecessor of present day strict investigations, is separated from religious philosophy and the numerous Eastern philosophical customs by and large being composed from an outsider point of view. â€Å"Islamicization of the West†, is the dissemination and osmosis of Islamic culture in the West. This is particular from Islamization that implies the cognizant acknowledgment and usage of the perfect Islamic social examples by non-Muslims and ostensible Muslims. Islamicization is sociologically like, however not indistinguishable with, Westernization subject as far as possible and states of imitative-creative social change. The Islamicization of the Medieval West, happened, first, during the period finishing around the center of the eleventh century before efficient interpretations from Arabic into Western dialects started; furthermore during the time of Arabic interpretations matching with the little Renaissance of the twelfth to the seventeenth hundreds of years; and third, during the Catholic-Protestant Reformation and Renaissance of the fourteenth to the sixteenth hundreds of years. The change of the West during these hundreds of years until the sixteenth, went through a few phases of contact and struggle with Islamic culture. The West depended on different techniques. Until about the finish of the eleventh century, the Western perspectives on perfect Islam and its social and military triumphant human advancement were encouraged by sheer numbness, devotion, contempt toward Islam and the Muslims, Biblical exposition, and relative scholarly and physical seclusion. This prompted the normal apogee of Western Zealot type reaction: the Crusades of the twelfth and thirteenth hundreds of years. The broad contacts with the prevalent Islamic culture and Muslims during the Crusades introduced another period in Western reluctance, and stirred reactions to Islamic culture. The most noteworthy scholarly accomplishments of the West during these two centuries, twelfth and thirteenth involved the impersonation of Islamic science and learning. Colleges were found in the West designed on the Muslim colleges to absorb the new information made accessible by interpretations of the works in Arabic and, less significantly, of Greek works of art, which have been supplanted by the Muslims. The principle philosophical impact on the Christian idea at this period was Avicenna and Averroes, the two Muslim logicians remarking Aristotle and building their philosophical frameworks on or against the Greek thinker. Aristotle introduced to the Christian researchers the chance to escape from the Muslim idea in that capacity. Aristotle having a place with the old style past (Greek and Roman) of Europe was a positive supplement to the Muslim sciences towards which the Christian researchers had gone to gain their insight. He started another time by pointing inwards at Christians and their own insufficiencies as a clarification for their absence of accomplishment contrasted with the Muslims’ one. He accepted the reason for Muslims’ achievement was their religion, which endorsed common interests, self-will and mainstream domain. How Islamic researchers previously deciphered Aristotle and afterward how Western Christians came into ownership of them. Muslim way of thinking impacted Western idea in a few different ways, it started in the West the humanistic development; presented the verifiable sciences and the logical strategy; helped the Western scholastics in orchestrating reasoning with confidence; invigorated Western enchantment; established the frameworks of Italian Renaissance and, to a certain extent, shaped the modem European . The Muslims were the main humanists and they gave a humanist curve toward the Western brain. They were the first to uncover toward the West that outside the overarching Catholic Church it was not all dimness and brutality but rather untold abundance of information. They caught and further built up all the scholarly accomplishments of Greece and transmitted them toward the West before any immediate contact between the Greek keenness and the Western brain was set up. It was through their impact that antiquated and contemporary men outside the Christian West additionally started to be viewed as human and even had of higher developments. To the Arabians, Aristotle spoke to and summarized Greek way of thinking. They embraced the tenet and framework, which the advancement of human undertakings had made the scholarly sustenance of their Syrian aides. It involved authentic need, and not a demonstration of purposeful decision. At the point when the need of logical culture stirred among them, they acknowledged Aristotle. From first to last Arabian savants made no case to initially, their point was simply to engender reality of Peripateticism as it had been conveyed to them. In medication and space science, just as in theory, they engaged a practically odd veneration for their Greek educators. It was with them that the reverence of Aristotle started. What's more, from them the conviction that in him human knowledge had arrived at its cutoff passed. Abul Walid Mohammad Ibn Rushd was a definitive pragmatist, the Aristotelian apostate of the medieval Islam and Christianity. His particular impact in animating the Western Renaissance is recognized as the milestone throughout the entire existence of Western human progress. Alongside Ibn Sina, he is the best name in Arabian way of thinking whose impact spread, in numerous headings, through the length of the Middle Ages, at that point in the age of the Renaissance up to the very edge of present day times. In reality, he was the best Muslim scholars of the West, and one of the best of medieval occasions. Ibn Rushd originated from a group of Cordoban researchers and was a prepared legal advisor and a doctor; his job started him into reasoning. He composed broad analyses on Aristotle, and others. His way of thinking was in the convention of winning Islamic scholasticism, with endeavors to incorporate Islamic confidence and reason considering the accessible Greek legacy. His Commentaries on Aristotle were converted into Latin and Hebrew. Crafted by Aristotle and Ibn Rushd in their Latin interpretations were utilized in the educational plan at Naples, but on the other hand were sent to the Universities of Paris and Bologna. When the rediscovery of Aristotle through Ibn Rushd’s works was finished, the thinkers and scholars the same wound up possessing the best intelligent repository at any point created up to that time. Ibn Rushd â€Å"the Great Commentator. Affected by his works, thinkers and scholars split into two significant gatherings; the liberal, with Siger of Brabant at their head, and the preservationist, with St. Thomas Aquinas of the Dominician Monks at their head. The issues for the split where mystical, philosophical, and commonsense. Anyway his faultfinders, didn't get away from his impact, and their comprehension of Aristotle was molded. When Ibn Rushd passed on in 1198, he handed down to his replacements the perfect of a simply discerning way of thinking, a perfect whose impact was to be with the end goal that, by it, even the advancement of Christian way of thinking was to be profoundly adjusted. Gilson ascribes to Ibn Rushd the acknowledgment, which got critical to St. Thomas’ own way of thinking, that nothing ought to enter the surface of magical information spare just sound and important showings. Be that as it may, not at all like a portion of his antagonistic Latin Averroists, St. Thomas was not ready to yield that either Aristotle or Ibn Rushd were faultless. The excitement in Paris during the thirteenth century for Ibn Rushd’s Aristotelian Commentaries brought genuine inquiries concerning the similarity of Ibn Rushd’s Aristotelianism with the Christian convention. In the thirteenth century, Papal Inquisition against the Christian apostates came under judgments with the emphasis for the most part on Latin Averroists, drove by Siger of Brabant, who was associated with buying in to the twofold truth regulation. Ibn Rushd himself didn't buy in to such a proposal, it is suspicious, as per Gilson, and different medievalists that even Siger himself did as such. This precept, in any case, was a blessing for the deductively disapproved of individuals in the West, who were denounced and aggrieved by the Church and the State. They discovered their best help in this and other â€Å"Averroisms†. The Ibn Rushd’s Aristotelian critiques and his own commitments quickly turned into the decision method of social idea in the West. Researchers of medieval Europe were incited and propelled by Ibn Rushd’s works. Though some Muslim scholastics and their Latin replacements attempted to â€Å"Islamise† and â€Å"Christianise† Hellenism, Ibn Rushd’s discourses and realism appeared to unnecessarily â€Å"Hellenise† Islam and Christianity. Accordingly, his Muslim peers mistreated him while Muslim successors nearly overlooked him, permitting his attempts to be lost. Notwithstanding, Jews saved a considerable lot of them. In Latin Christianity, the analyses were converted into Latin from the Hebrew, took care of the blasphemies of Siger of Brabant and the logic of the Italian school of Padua, and undermined the establishments of Christianity. St. Thomas perceived that a few pieces of religion were ridiculous and must be acknowledged by confidence alone. A mind-blowing point was to accommodate Aristotelianism and Muslim information with Christian religious philosophy and Thomas Aquinas was directed to compose his record to end the compromised liquidation of Christian philosophy by Arabic understandings of Aristotle. During the twelfth and thirteenth hundreds of years, Latin orientated-Averroism had broad ramifications for medieval and current social idea, barely predictable by the medieval scholastics. It set up a custom in which it got conceivable to scrutinize the status of religion and from the finish of the twelfth century as far as possible of the sixteenth century Averroism remained the prevailing way of thinking, despite the universal response it made first among the Muslims in Spain and afterward

Management – Swot Analysis (on Maker Studios of Youtube)

The Assignment (Question) Management worldview today is about the possibility or situational approach dependent on the consistently changing business condition. Associations are continually influenced by the outside condition and should adjust or impact the earth so as to be proficient and powerful. Pick any universal or nearby MNC or SME. Make a SWOT examination of this association and clarify how it is influenced by the outer condition. Compose on how this association can use the 4 elements of the board with the end goal for it to be productive and viable. Incorporate end and recommendations.You must utilize terms found inside the investigation of the executives and are urged to look into different course books and diaries to discover these terms and to increase extra information on the board through investigation. Presentation of the organization If you were to be acquainted with the elements of Youtube and have been riding the site for a long time, you may have known about the or ganization named â€Å"Maker Studios† a considerable amount. This organization comprises of major Youtube big names like ShayCarl, LisaNova, KassemG, iJustine and even the top bought in Youtube content producer, RayWilliamJohnson.To the crowd who utilizes Youtube for different capacities, for example, â€Å"how-to† recordings or music recordings of their preferred stars, they may ponder, what does this organization really do? Then again, to individuals who have demonstrated a lot of enthusiasm into executing standard TV programs with web through Youtube would comprehend the significant elements of Maker Studios. Creator Studios explicitly is gifted in making recordings of the two generally acknowledged kinds: Comedy and Music. They make recording sets, music studios, green screen territories and even an altering office for their representatives in Venice, California and the forthcoming New York City branch.As cited from their site, it was referenced that they get 70 mi llion endorsers and 650 million month to month sees across in excess of 400 channels (Cited: http://www. makerstudios. com/about/) and in this way is one of the Youtube Partner Channels in the Internet Media Business in the States aside Vevo, the top association channel with more than 59, 709 thousand remarkable perspectives in the year 2011 in the wake of creating more than 844 million recordings in the website itself as indicated by Will Richmond on the 22nd of August 2011 on videonuze. com. (Refered to: http://videonuze. com/article/comscore-vevo-is-top-youtube-accomplice channel-by a wide margin) SWOT Analysis of the organization |Analysis | |Strength |The qualities of Maker Studios is to such an extent that they accumulate all the abilities all through the web media and help them | |make their recordings and discover sponsorships and viewership for their manifestations in this way permitting individuals to satisfy their | |dreams yet not agonizing over creation a living. As cit ed from one of their ventures portfolio in | |greycroftpartners. om, â€Å"the organization has formed special experiences into what sort of substance works best with YouTube | |audiences and how to cross-advance and move crowds around its network† (refered to: | |http://www. greycroftpartners. com/2011/04/creator studios/), it in this manner bolstered the effectiveness in finding the | |constantly moving patterns of the web and knowledge in recruiting abilities into the organization in its entangled | |business part which endeavors to manufacture profound association with crowds everywhere throughout the globe. Refered to: | |http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/records/producer studios-280389) | |Weakness |An apparent shortcoming of the organization is to such an extent that they have constrained branches (Venice and up and coming New York) coming to out| | |to the substance makers online along these lines just ready to work with individuals in specific zones of the States. A nother is that | |there may be a high chance of the contenders of this web business getting up to speed with the advancements that the| | |company could have been roducing as â€Å"there won't be any exceptional programming changes †this is about | |expanding on existing success,† as cited from previous Disney’s Digital Division’s Executive †presently Chief Programming | |Officer of Maker, Chris Williams on assortment. com. (Refered to: http://www. assortment. com/article/VR1118052288) | |Opportunities |The web network is getting bigger step by step and having Hollywood grabbing their attention on the industry’s | |productions on occasion is additionally making more viewership for the crowds everywhere throughout the world.For model, there | |are artistes searching for help from the Maker creations for causes which they would like to help and in this manner film recordings like| | |Jane Lynch (mainstream from Glee arrangement) and Steven Tyler i n ShayCarl’s video in endeavor to â€Å"Save The Arts! † (refered to: | |http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=IKzUZ7KvAnI=UU77WzpPRrYr0W5oeFjVIqwQ=1=plcp) or in any event, being on the | |news like ShayCarl’s fourth kid, most normally called â€Å"Rocktard†, who demonstrated looked in a video did (refered to: | |http://www. outube. com/watch? v=AyXsZJwzIrQ ), are chances to extension of the company’s organize in making | |bonds with the web network through holding being used of remarks or video reactions or even just joining the | |company’s powers in utilizing their gifts in this manner making openings for themselves as well as the company’s in | |developing separated substance through new, customized and advanced thoughts that occasionally the TV isn’t | |capable in accommodating the crowds desires. |Threats of the organization comprises of other significant contenders, for example, VEVO (which creates content from celebrated | |celebrities or performers) and advances them on Youtube through fundamental pages or commanded the rights towards utilization of the| | |contents, for example, music or even segments of the film.As well, the media is presently as yet rivaling the | |traditional media, for example, TV and despite the fact that they are most likely even in front of them in the amusement part | |but is pummeled (by individuals who didn't know about the realities and start digital tormenting the Youtubers’ content) due to | |mere notoriety and affirmation of the general public like LisaNova’s pantomime of Sarah Palin. It was referenced on | |nytimes. om that â€Å"She transferred her Palin video over seven days before Tina Feyâ did her pantomime on ‘Saturday | |Night Live’. † And that her reaction towards which was that â€Å"trying to jump on TV would be going in reverse in my psyche. | |It’s an exercise in futility. † | |(Cited: http://www. nytimes. com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube. html? agewanted=all) | A Macro-Environmental Analysis o Law and Politics Law and legislative issues with the Maker Studios isn't a piece of any issue that the organization could be confronting now as the organization fired up in 2006, they customize their administrations to the makers and help them through their particular profit after creation. Too, they recruit to deliver their substance (music, advanced, shooting and so on) in recordings consequently not qualified for copyright law spanning. o Economy On allthingsd. om it was said that, straightforwardness towards their income is through and ready to be checked by their accomplices subsequently they would be dependable to the ventures of the cash in their organization just as being straightforward to their representatives in the capacities and prosperity of the association. (Refered to: http://allthingsd. com/20120309/precisely what amount did-that-skateboarding-hound win/) As this is a we b business, the organization will be influenced if the economy bombs as far as individuals having the option to make the most of their creations or not subsequently winning them money.However, with this current upscale of the web panel, the organization is in safe hands through the headway period. o Technology is significant to the business. As it is one of the variables to which whether the crowds tune in on account of the designs, the nature of sound and the altering of the recordings to the tricks in a film, the demonstrable skill of sets, Maker’s standard of creations as referenced by nytimes. om was that â€Å"the green screen, film group, on-screen characters and costly cameras and lights, it went a long ways past the run of the mill one-man YouTube recordings shot in a storm cellar with a webcam† subsequently, by and by, supporting their consistent catch up with innovation to suit the requirements of their mass of abilities who are anxious to satisfy their crowd with extraordinary norms of film. (Refered to: http://www. nytimes. com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube. html? pagewanted=all ) o DemographicsAs the web is more than regular among individuals of practically all ages, Youtube contains a particularly a wide measure of crowd to catch and Maker figured out how to control these distinctions with its assembled gifts and their capacities to seek after various groups. For instance, they have â€Å"The Mom’s View† by moms with various abilities and foundation, cooking and supporting to the huge measures of guardians in the web network; they additionally have â€Å"Polipop†, including Entertainment and Politics Network which is expected to give individuals who are intrigued a decent snicker at the political variables without moving ceaselessly from their PCs. Refered to: http://www. tubefilter. com/2011/10/29/producer studios-youtube-unique channels/) o Social Issues and the Natural Environment The web network is a q uick paced and ever-changing condition for the business to get by in as there are consistent evolvement of patterns, refreshes or even jokes speaking to the huge society is one of the steady issues that the business ought to be refreshed about. Yet, as the gifts in the organization increments from the 200 starting accomplices in August 2011 (refered to: http://www. assortment. com/article/VR1118040686? efCatId=1009), they get increasingly more effective in discovering and scattering their data just as being an impact in making patterns f

The Rise of Wearables

The Rise of Wearables Why carry a laptop, tablet, or even a phone for Internet access when you could log on through your glasses or wristwatch? No longer a solely a futurist trope, electronics and software firms are in a race to develop industry-defining models of what is known as wearable tech or wearables. This disruptive trend may one day render the modern day PC, laptop, tablet, and smartphone obsolete, and make Internet connectivity simply a matter of getting dressed.Wearable technology (wearables) is defined as the integration of computing and wireless technologies with clothing, jewelry and accessories. While more rudimentary forms of wireless tech, such as the calculator wristwatch, have existed since the 1980s, with advances in miniaturizing circuitry and wireless technologies, wearables have significantly increased the existing and potential applications of the concept. © Shutterstock.com | scyther5In this article, we will explore the world of wearable tech, specifically: 1) brief history of wearables, 2) trends and development in wearables, 3) benefits of wearables, 4) applications of wearables, 5) notable current example of wearables, 6) challenges presented by wearables, and 7) the future of wearables.BRIEF HISTORY OF WEARABLESWearable tech may seem like a new phenomenon, but its origins actually lie in the 1960s and 1970s, with wearables designed and used to cheat at gambling. In 1961, MIT professor Edward Thorp created a wearable device to cheat at roulette, and in 1972, Kevin Taft created one to cheat at blackjack. In 1975, the calculator wristwatch was marketed and sold to the public. But wearables did not expand further until 1987, with the advent of the digital hearing aid. As Internet technologies took proliferated throughout the next decade, 1994 saw the invention of the first wireless wearable webcam, 2000 saw the sale of the first Blue tooth headset, and 2006 saw the release of the Nike iPod, which synced iPod user to their movements.TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN WEARABLESThe largest categories of wearables currently on the consumer market are fitness and healthcare monitors. Most new developments center around the type of clothing or accessory, as well as the level of functionality. And fashion designers are beginning to get in on the act, with recent fashion shows incorporating stylish and functional clothing. Wearables research often deals with new materials that may be used to create wearables, such as graphene, a pliable and efficient electricity conductor. Miniaturization plays heavily into wearables, as well for obvious reasons.Experts believe that the market is young and growing. Transparency Market Research, a marketing research firm, predicts that the market will grow to $5.8 billion in 2018 from $750 million in 2012. Juniper Research, another marketing research firm, predicts that the market will grow to 4 19 billion by 2018.However, other experts are concerned about how disruptive wearables will be, as one-third of Americans who own a wearable device, stops wearing it within six months. Some counter this is because the market is still relatively new. Others wonder how devices with less functionality than a smartphone will compete with a smartphone.BENEFITS OF WEARABLESDespite the legitimate concerns, wearables provide users with a number of benefits including:Physical activity and fitness monitoring;Enhanced social networking: through unique wearables user communities, like Google’s “Glass Explorers”, or Fitbit’s active online community;Personal safety: through communications interfaces for emergency usage featured on some wearables;Healthcare monitoring: through monitoring of patient vital signs either in hospital or remotely by specially designed wearables; andGeneral increased wireless connectivity.APPLICATIONS OF WEARABLESWearables have broader applications then just fitn ess and health. And while consumer applications drive the market, many of the design, usability, manufacturing, and production are adaptable to commercial, military, and medicinal applications as well.The Future Of Wearable Technology Commercial Wearable tech has many enterprise-level applications for businesses. An April 2014 survey of businesses indicated that the majority did not plan to implement wearables on an enterprise level, but that even of those that did not, they expected that, if they did, the benefits would include “improved communication, enhanced productivity, and better customer relations.” A recent University of London study confirmed this, concluding, after a month-long experiment, that wearables can boost productivity and job satisfaction in the workplace.Enterprise-level applications include enhancing resource access to, and tracking the whereabouts of, remote workers; enhanced communication (through wireless headsets and wristbands, for moving employees suc h as retail workers); augmented vision (through smart glasses, used for example, in the construction industry, to “see” inside walls); and increased payment options (through a wristwatch, for example). Further wearables have considerable industry-specific applications for uniformed professions, such as law enforcement and emergency medical technicians.But perhaps the biggest benefit of wearables for business is the data that wearables collect. Such consumer information could be invaluable to marketing and sales departments. This application of wearable tech has doubtlessly influenced the entry of large firms, such as Google, Intel, Qualcomm, and Samsung.ConsumerThere are a number of consumer wearables currently on the market, ranging from smart wristwatches to smart contact lenses to sensor-integrated clothes. Examples include XOEye’s XOne camera glasses; CSR’s smart jewelry, which can be worn around the neck and blinks when the wearer receives a phone call; SafeNecklace, wh ich can monitor kids during field trips; OMSignal’s spandex shirt, which can monitor a wearer’s vital functions Lumo’s posture correcting belt, the Bluetooth LumoBack belt; the Pebble Steel smartwatch, on which the wearer can receive text messages and emails; and Sensoria’s electronic anklet which tracks the wearer’s speed and distance, just to name a few. There are even electronic tattoos under development. However, the consumer market for wearables is extremely fragmented.Military © Flickr | PEOSoldierOne wearables enthusiast is the U.S. military, which sees the technology providing enhanced efficiency for soldiers. Wearables that can monitor the vital signs of soldiers can be the difference between life and death. Other wearables, in the form of helmets, overlay information over a soldier’s eyes to increase their awareness of their surroundings. An example of this is the Aviation Warrior, a wearables system developed by Raytheon, which includes a helmet, wrist display and portable computing device, all designed to provide the soldier with as much information as possible about who is on the battlefield in real-time.The military is not limited in the scope of its wearables-related thinking to soldiers. Under development is a wearable that can “translate” the actions of military animals. The system is known as FIDO (facilitating interactions for dogs with occupations”), and after training, the dog could activate different sensors to activate different t hings, for example a tug to issue a beep to indicate the presence of an explosive.MedicalAnother early adopter of wearables is the medical community, many members of whom are interested in miniature wearables for healthcare monitoring. One such wearable is MC10’s ultra-thin Biostamp, which, when affixed to the body, can monitor heart rate, temperature and other vital statistics, and can send that information wirelessly back to doctors. Others include a bandaid by medical sensor company Corventis that monitors heart conditions; a muscle contraction sensor by TMG that measures muscle fatigue; and a “smart” insole by Moticon for use in patient analysis, monitoring, and rehabilitation.Wearables have further applications in clinical practice, such as the 9Solutions IPCS, a device that tracks medical staff and equipment in real-time.OtherOther applications of wearable tech include, but are not limited to recording car accidents for insurance purposes; law enforcement surveillance; m apping terrain for outdoor activities in real-time; and serving as memory aids.NOTABLE CURRENT EXAMPLES OF WEARABLESWhile there are many, many players in the wearables market, a few standout.Top 5 Wearable Tech So Far Google Glass © Flickr | Ted EytanPerhaps the most buzzworthy wearable in recent years has been Google Glass, a headset that can be fitted with prescription frames, that provides users with wireless connectivity, apps, and other features available on the android operating system. In 2013, a limited run was manufactured, distributed, and priced at $1,500 a piece. As of August 2014, it is available to anyone who wants one, but Google has indicated to journalists that it is not a fully formed consumer product yet.During its short life, Google Glass has proven itself to be an object of excitement, curiosity and scorn. Many tech enthusiasts praise the functionality and design, as well as its light weight, but many others who encounter users, are put off by it because of privacy concerns, and the perception of intrusiveness. Technical complaints involve the limited battery life, unreliable voice recognition for anything other than navigation, issues conforming to the vision needs of certain users, and generally underdeveloped software.Fitbit © Flickr | US CPSCA recognized brand in the fitness wearables category, the firm Fitbit sells several models of smart wristbands that tracks your physical activity, and transmits this information, wirelessly, to your smartphone or tablet app. It is compatible with devices running iOS or Android OS, and can send notifications when a wearer have achieved or missed a fitness goal. It has proven to be popular, largely within the fitness enthusiast market. It does have a number of direct competitors in addition to the basic pedometer, a number of smart wristbands by different manufacturers that track physical activity, differentiated by design, metrics, and usability. Fortunately for Fitbit’s competitors, following wearer complaints that the Fitbit Force caused skin rashes, the company recently recalled the product (controversy has continued with delays in the issuance of recall checks). This is illustrative of one of the challenges presented to wearables manufacturers â€" ensuring tha t the device works safely on the human body.Others © Flickr | Karlis DambransOther notable wearables on the market include:The Martian Notifier, Pebble Watch, and Samsung Gear 2 Neo, three different smartwatches with varying levels of smartphone functionality;The Fitbit Zip, Basis Band, Jawbone Up24, and Withings Pulse O2: different smart physical activity trackers for the fitness enthusiast; andAiQ’s smart shirts, such as the BioMan t-shirt with smart sleeves that monitor the wearer’s vital signs; the SolarMan vest that can capture and store solar energy and use it to recharge a wearer’s electronic devices; and the ArmorMan pullover that stiffens to protect the wearer.CHALLENGES PRESENTED BY WEARABLESDespite the number of players in the wearables markets and the optimism of market analysts, widespread adoption of wearables remains a challenging proposition for a number of reasons including privacy issues, consumer reticence, and both design and standardization issues.PrivacyThere are severe privacy considerations concerning w earables, which must be addressed within the contexts of various national and local legal frameworks. Fundamentally, what controls exist to ensure that people are not using wearables to surreptitiously record others or copyrighted material?Notably, a user of Google Glass, who had the device integrated with his prescription glasses, was arrested and detained in January of 2014 by federal law enforcement official on suspicion that he had recorded a movie he had just watched (he had not). As media accounts indicate, agents who repeatedly questioned him and asked him to demonstrate the devices usage, did not fully understand the device and were unprepared to enforce relevant laws.While this user did not surreptitiously record material, and while Google Glass has restricted its authorized apps from incorporating facial recognition functionality, a determined do-it-yourselfer can incorporate these features into their device. This reality adds to the perception of the intrusiveness of head sets and other wearables that incorporate recording technology, and heightens consumer hesitance to use the product.Consumer reticenceWidespread adoption of wearables is further constrained by 1) the limited consumer awareness of the products currently on the market; 2) the limited number of products currently on the market; and 3) hesitation among some consumers to increase their connectivity. Regarding the latter, some people will undoubtedly just want clothes to just be clothes. The aforementioned privacy concern, coupled with public accounts of overzealous law enforcement regarding the Google Glass, adds to consumer reticence.Further, fashion is an important aspect of wearables adoption: people will not adopt wearables if it aesthetically displeasing or uncomfortable. And many technology firms are struggling with the perfect mix of form and function.The average consumer may wonder why they should be interested in wearables. After all, they have smartphones, which in many cases, have more functionality than the average wearable. In the first quarter of 2014, 300 million smartphones were shipped, compared to only 2.8 million wearable devices.Other challengesAs a practical matter, wearables are limited by the size, shape, and form of the wireless technology incorporated into the clothing item, as well as the maximum life of the battery that powers it. Materials must be flexible and pliable enough to conform to a body part or body type. Wearables must also be able to operate safely on the human body, a moving and perspiring environment subject to the elements. Display quality is also in issue in the sunlight; poor visibility will turn off consumers. And batteries should have an appreciable life â€" a tall order for most wearables.Many current applications cannot yet be manufactured at a high volume for a low price point, making cost a further challenge. Standardization is another key challenge. While major software firms like Google are players in this space, there are a number of smaller competitors as well, each with their own operating parameters.Further, security is a challenge that cannot be overstated. A recent study by IT firm Symantec found:“…’security risks in a large number of self-tracking devices and applications,’ including the finding that ‘all of the wearable activity-tracking devices examined, including those from leading brands, are vulnerable to location tracking.’THE FUTURE OF WEARABLESBeyond the realms of fitness, tech enthusiasts, medical/healthcare and military gear, the future of wearables remains to be seen. The market could very well endure some consolidation, with a few major players emerging. But a compelling consumer wearable model â€" a reason to connect clothing, a reason to, ostensibly, do away with the smartphone, and a reasonable price point â€" has not yet emerged. Wearables may yet remain a niche product, albeit a growing one, as new technologies emerge.The Internet of Things (IoT) â€" the e ver-increasing trend of connecting physical objects to the Internet may drive the growth of wearables. It may be that consumers, buying into the growing smart home trend and living in municipalities that are increasingly interconnected (“smart cities”), may decide they simply want everything connected. And advances in the technology may eliminate safety and aesthetics as concerns. Privacy remains a significant hurdle; how it is addressed by national and local governments will have a significant impact on consumer adoption.But no matter how widespread consumer wearables become, commercial, medical and military wearables have a bright future. And with both the growing market and the lucrative pot of big data that wearables create, it’s a near-certainty that firms will continue to develop, introduce, and refine consumer wearable products and brands vigorously.The Creators Project Make It Wearable  SeriesEpisode 1 Human Communication Episode 2 Human Health Episode 3 Human Expr ession Episode 4 Becoming Superhuman Image credit:  Flickr | PEOSoldier, Flickr | Karlis Dambrans under Attribution 2.0 Generic.  Flickr | Ted Eytan under Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic.

Best Non-Profit Management Schools

The Leading Factions Within Islam - 860 Words

The differentiation in ideology of the leading factions within Islam, ironically, has introduced a unifying political philosophy into the region, Islamism. The concept of Islamism defines the governing body’s political claim as a biased interpretation of Koran and its employment of force to vindicate revolutionary violence in the name of Islam (Arjomand Web). The political theory inadvertently ferments political tension by dividing Islam itself within a categorized system (Armojand Web). A similar form of classification was experienced by Iran during the 1970’s and the 1980’s which led to religious factions such as Sunni and the Shia resolving to violence in order to solve long-lasting cultural differences (Tibi Web). The facts assert that even minuscule neighborhoods were divided into Sunni and Shia territories with frequent emigration of a minority group to claim the region (Gosh Web). The historical trend of violent resolution is also eluded to by Khaled Hoss eini in his literary works via repeated instances of horrendous domestic strife by the male members of the family in order assert superiority through violence (Hosseini, Thousand 89). The â€Å"†¦sociopolitical and economic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  stances of independent Islamic state induce religious vows into such chaotic instances through Sharia law in order to accomplish personal gains of a political movement through military actions against the alleged enemies (Tibi Web). The regional tensions mentioned have additionally been directlyShow MoreRelatedThe Political Opposition Of Executions1618 Words   |  7 Pagestelevision to spying for the Soviet Union and to espionage, deceit, and treason. Possibly because of Soviet intervention, none of the leading members of the party was brought to trial or executed, although the leaders remained in prison. Many rank and file members, however, were put to death. By 1983 Bazargan s IFM was the only political group outside the factions of the ru ling hierarchy that was permitted any freedom of activity. Even this group was barely tolerated. For example, the party headquartersRead MoreThe Roman Empire And The Byzantine Empire767 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Empire was divided into two parts. The Western half, ruled by Rome, fell to the tribal Germanic peoples in the 5th century. The Eastern half, known as the Byzantine Empire, until it began to decline in power, the Byzantine Empire was one of the leading civilizations in the world. The first Christian emperor became sole ruler of the Roman Empire. He set up his colony of Byzantium. The city, renamed Constantinople after its founder, It became the capital of the Byzantines after the Roman Empire wasRead MoreThe Transformation of Islam and Judaism and the Introduction of Mysticism in the Early Modern World1272 Words   |  5 PagesIslam and Judaism were comparable religions both before and after the early modern era. Jews and Muslims believed in the same God and recognized ea ch other’s prophets. Both even denied the resurrection of Jesus, which was a strong bonding factor in a time of impending Christian dominance. During the early modern period, it was not uncommon for Jews and Muslims to interact with one another. Jews even lived in Muslim lands to flee from Christian prosecution and forced conversion. Jews and Muslims,Read MoreThe Islamic State : An Accident Of History1579 Words   |  7 Pageskillers who walk its streets. The Islamic State is a highly noticeable but private organization. Despite the enormous amount of publicity and analysis it has produced since 2011, valid facts concerning its leadership and structure outlast few and far within. The picture is covered by the misleading propaganda of the State itself and by the doubtful accounts of people who pretend to be familiar with it. It is a shift that has expedited fast along the route from terrorism through insurgency towards proto-statehoodRead MoreThe Black Civil Rights Movement Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthe civil rights movement in the 1950s. By 1950 the civil rights movement became a mass movement; this was because for the first time there was cross-class collaboration and wide geographic support. This became possible because of factions such as the NAACP who realised they had to take segregation head on because change would not come about if they did not and there was an alteration in mentality of black Americans. One reason for the change in mentality happened becauseRead MoreEssay on Religions of the World1608 Words   |  7 Pages and practices† (â€Å"Religion† Def.2). With such a large amount of religions today, religion is widely variegated, usually with divisions in each one. Despite the large amount of religions, I will only be covering only three religions: Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. Christians are those who believe in Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who came down to earth from Heaven in order to save humanity from its’ sins. The reason for Jesus dying for the human race is traced back to the beginning of time, inRead MoreThe Sunni Shia Conflict Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagessects of Islam and both have a historical based conflict going back to the death of the Prophet Muhammad and how Muslims should be governed. This conflict has caused tensions and violence to flare up throughout Islamic history. This conflict has carried into modern times and has becoming a rallying point for Muslim people calling for change with their government and across the Middle Eastern region. The Sunni Shia conflict is major division within Islam that has and continues to shape Islam and theRead More Politics and Religion of Iran Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pagesis a duality and question of power between the main religious leader and the political leader. The supreme religious l eader, as opposed to the political leader, according to the Iranian Constitution, is specifically charged with various duties as leading the television and radio network to appointing personnel to the hugely powerful Guardian Council, which can overrule the parliament at will and dismiss the elected officials assuming power of the supreme command over the armed forces (Mackey, 149-151)Read MoreAshes Of Ham The Muslim Brotherhood1992 Words   |  8 Pagesthe evolution of the Muslim Brotherhood and their ideology. The first section, Politicizing Islam, focuses on the framework of political Islam up to 1963 that allows for the development of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and their early days. The second section entitled The Islamic Opposition to Ba’athism, goes in depth into the political, economic, and ideological subtleties fueling opposition between Islam and the Syrian Ba’ath party. The proceeding third segment, The rise of Jihadism in later 1970sRead MoreAshes Of H am The Muslin Brotherhood1987 Words   |  8 Pagesthe evolution of the Muslin Brotherhood and their ideology. The first section, Politicizing Islam, focuses on the framework of political Islam up to 1963 that allows for the development of the Syrian Muslin Brotherhood and their early days. The second section entitled The Islamic Opposition to Ba’athism, goes in depth into the political, economic, and ideological subtleties fueling opposition between Islam and the Syrian Ba’ath party. The proceeding third segment, The rise of Jihadism in later 1970s

Nineteen Eighty-four and Treasure Chest Free Essays

We came up with some good things for the treasure chest this morning (our most clever Stasiland ideas), but I keep thinking of more! These are the kind of things that I would put in my treasure chest. * Anna’s interest in understanding WHY people might choose to work for the Stasi (and by default what she learns by interviewing Stasi men). She needs to gain insight and make sense of it – and thus we go on this journey with her. We will write a custom essay sample on Nineteen Eighty-four and Treasure Chest or any similar topic only for you Order Now   The sense that everyone has a story and was impacting by this regime * The need for many of the characters to come to terms with the past (Vergangenheitsbewaltigung) and how some are still stuck with the Mauer im Kopf. Link to this the Germans not being sure of what to do with the past as well. Think about the Hitler bunker example. * The fact that the Stasi controlled through fear, but could not completely control the populace by dictating what was popular (the Lipsi, the Black Channel) * Parallels to George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and the term Orwellian to describe the Stasi’s level of surveillance.   The significance of Julia who keeps coming into Anna’s apartment and removing things. Like the Communists when they took over Germany, but also symptomatic of her inability to settle. Much like Miriam who needs to live in a space which is open. * An exploration of how humanity can treat each other in inhumane ways. Questioning how this was possible after the atrocities of the Nazis. * A need to link passages to other stories in the text * â€Å"I don’t want to be German any more† * Anna’s clear disapproval of Ostalgie * Her use of various German stereotypes, possibly even her liking of theSticklebrick nature of the language. How to cite Nineteen Eighty-four and Treasure Chest, Papers

The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome Essay Example

The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome Paper Cushings syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the bodys tissues to high levels of cortisol. It is also called hypercortisolism. Cushings syndrome is relatively rare, commonly affecting adults aged 20 to 50. About 10 of every million people are affected every year. Cortisol is a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure and maintains the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system. It is secreted by the adrenal glands (located above the two kidneys), under the control of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Cortisol controls the tendency of the immune system to cause inflammations, particularly in joints, and also has a role in maintaining normal blood sugar levels, and regulates the utilization of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats by body tissues. Cortisol also plays a very significant role in allaying stress. Increased levels of cortisol are normally found in persons whose bodies are constantly subjected to stress, such as athletes and women in last months of pregnancy. People suffering from alcoholism, depression, malnutrition, and panic disorders also have elevated cortisol levels. Cushings syndrome can be caused by overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands, although this form of the syndrome is quite rare. This can be caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland that releases increased amounts of the hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) into the blood. This causes the adrenal glands to produce excess cortisol. Over 80% of persons with this form of the syndrome, known as Cushings disease, are women. The production of excess cortisol by the adrenal glands can also be caused by tumors on the adrenal glands themselves, which may be benign or cancerous. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathogenesis, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestation of Cushings Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most of these cases involve non-cancerous tumors of adrenal tissue, called adrenal adenomas, which release excess cortisol into the blood. Persons with this form of the syndrome have an average age of 40. Tumors on other parts of the body can also cause the adrenal glands to produce extra cortisol. This condition is known as ectopic ACTH syndrome. Half of all cases are caused by lung tumors. Men comprise 75% of persons with this form of the syndrome. More commonly, the cause of Cushings syndrome is the prolonged intake of synthetic cortisol (hydrocortisone), which is usually taken to treat inflammation and allergies. Comparison of old and recent photographs will often show a significant difference in the appearance of persons with Cushings syndrome, particularly on the face and neck. A person with Cushings syndrome usually will experience rapid weight gain and will exhibit the peculiar characteristics of a rounded face, and with fat concentrated on the trunk and the face, with limbs remaining thin. Children with Cushings syndrome will also exhibit slow growth. Also, atrophy of the skin occurs; the skin bruises easily, and healing is slow. Other symptoms are: chronic weakness, high blood pressure, excessive sweating, excessive hair growth on the face, stretch marks on abdomen, thighs, breasts, and arms, infertility, reduced libido, irregular (or stopped) menstruation in females, and erectile dysfunction in males. Psychological disorders usually also manifest, such as depression, irritability, and panic attacks. A person with Cushings syndrome can also develop resistance to insulin, leading to diabetes. Routine laboratory tests on on persons with Cushings syndrome commonly include high white blood cell counts and high blood sugar levels. If left untreated, Cushings syndrome will cause continued fatigue, weakness of the muscles, osteoporosis (weakened bones), slow skin healing, and increased susceptibility to infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. References Raff, H. , PhD Findling, J. W. , MD (2003). A Physiologic Approach to Diagnosis of the Cushing Syndrome. Annals of Internal Medicine. 138(12):980-989. Paul Margulies, M. D. Cushings Syndrome: The Facts You Need to Know. National Adrenal Diseases Foundation. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www. medhelp. org/nadf/diseases/cushings. htm

Space Tornadoes - Seen in Space or from Space

Space Tornadoes - Seen in Space or from Space Space tornadoes is a weather term that can have 2 different meanings. A space tornado can mean a tornado that occurs in outer space or it can mean terrestrial tornadoes that can be seen from space. Keep in mind that only terrestrial tornadoes on Earth are technically classified as a real tornado. Cosmic Tornadoes from Young Stars Solar Windstorm Tornadoes auroras New research from the University of California has made detailed measurements of these space tornadoes, also known as substorm current wedges. According to a National Geographic News story, space tornadoes kick-start terrestrial auroras. The University of California team has discovered that space tornadoes form at least every three hours and take just a minute to reach the ionosphere. Tornadoes from Space weather satellites Weather on Other Planets Hows the Weather on Other Planets? is an excellent site to tour the typical weather on other planets. For instance, the temperature on Venus, with an intense greenhouse effect, can reach 900 degrees Fahrenheit. You can also tour the 1,00 mile per hour winds on the planet Saturn.

Definition and Examples of Dysphemisms in English

Definition and Examples of Dysphemisms in English Dysphemism is the substitution of a more offensive or disparaging word or phrase for one considered less offensive, such as the use of the slang term shrink for psychiatrist. Dysphemism is the opposite of euphemism. Adjective: dysphemistic. Though often meant to shock or offend, dysphemisms may also serve as in-group markers to signal closeness. Linguist  Geoffrey Hughes points out that [a]lthough  this linguistic mode has been  established for centuries and the term dysphemism was first recorded in 1884, it has only recently acquired even a specialist currency,  being  unlisted in many general dictionaries and reference books (An Encyclopedia of Swearing, 2006). See Examples and Observations  below. Also, see: CacophemismConnotations and DenotationsCursingHow to Flatter an Audience With Euphemisms, Dysphemisms, and DistinctioPejorative LanguagePropagandaSwear Word EtymologyFrom the Greek, a non word Examples and Observations When applied to people, animal names are usually dysphemisms: coot, old bat, pig, chicken, snake, skunk, and bitch, for example.Euphemisms and Dysphemisms for DeathThere is virtually no aspect of human experience free from dysphemism. . . .Death generates such typical  euphemisms as to pass away, to pass on, to depart this life, go to ones Maker, and so on. Parallel dysphemisms would be to snuff it, to croak, and to push up daisies, since these allude graphically and cruelly to the physical aspect of death, down to breathing ones last, the death rattle, and being reincorporated into the cycle of nature.(Geoffrey Hughes,  An Encyclopedia of Swearing. Routledge, 2006)Dysphemisms and Stylistic DiscordSpeakers resort to dysphemism to talk about people and things that frustrate and annoy them, that they disapprove of and wish to disparage, humiliate and degrade. Curses, name-calling and any sort of derogatory comment directed towards others in order to insult or to wound them are all examples of dysphemism. Exclamatory swear words that release frustration or anger are dysphemisms. Like euphemism, dysphemism interacts with style and has the potential to produce stylistic discord; if someone at a formal dinner party were to publicly announce Im off for a piss, rather than saying Excuse me for a moment, the effect would be dysphemistic.(Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Gratuity and TipI used to think gratuity was a euphemism for tip until I discovered that I had got it the wrong way round, and that tip was a dysphemism for gratuity. . . . Gratuity is much older than tip, and originally meant a gift made to anyone, including an equal.(Nicholas Bagnall, Words. The Independent, December  3, 1995)Dysphemisms and SlangWhen we think of euphemisms, we think of words that are substituted because their connotations are less distressing than the words they replace. In slang you frequently have the opposite phenomenon, dysphemism, where a relatively neutral word is replaced with a harsher, more offensive one. Such as calling a cemetery a boneyard. Referring to electrocution as taking the hot seat would be another. . . . Even more dysphemistic would be to fry.(Interview with J. E. Lighter, American Heritage, October  2003)Dysphemisms in ContextA jocular approach to death is only dysphemistic if the Hearer can be expected to regard it as offensive. For inst ance, if a doctor were to inform close family that their loved one has pegged out during the night, it would normally be inappropriate, insensitive, and unprofessional (i.e., dysphemistic). Yet given another context with quite a different set of interlocutors, the same expression could just as well be described as cheerfully euphemistic.(Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Euphemism and Dysphemism. Oxford University Press, 1991) Pronunciation: DIS-fuh-miz-im Also Known As: cacophemism

Performance of the UK auto- and motor industry Literature review

Performance of the UK auto- and motor industry - Literature review Example Because of this superior level of internet sponsored network connectivity, the world has become a highly connected one single global entity. It is highly interesting to mention that the level of dependency that exists in between the organizations and business forums of various countries and markets is widely varying and largely diversifying in nature. As of the recent times, the advanced markets located in the well developed economies are facing factors of low demand because of the influence of a wide range of macroeconomic factors like the slow growth in the economy and fall in purchasing power of the consumers. It has become a common and normal trends for the companies and organizations located in the regions of slower growth to look forward to the markets of emerging economies like Africa, china, Russia, Brazil and India so as to secure their growth lines of the future (IMF Research Dept, 2012, p. 7) . The UK motor segment forms a very crucial and critical part of the entire motor industry of the European region. The factors like product manufacturing, combined participation and sharing of manufacturing policy by the auto manufacturers as well as the multiple markets served in a combined basis by the entire European automobile sector makes the contribution of the UK motor industry very important. It also has to be taken into account that the production of the automobile sectors in the UK region contributes in a positive manner in the economy and society of the nation (Johnson, 2002, p. 164). UK auto industry: sector overview It is highly relevant to mention that the most of the nations of the European region is facing extended periods of macro level economic challenges in regards to the troubles of the Euro zone. Since the UK motor industry shares a high degree of contribution based dependence with the entire European motor industry, it is very natural that the potential influence of the regions’ macroeconomic challenges is bound to cast a shadow on t he prospects of the UK automobile sector. As of October 2012, various reports on the automobile sector of the UK region hinted to the fact that around 1400 workers of the motor sector is about to lose their jobs as a result of cuts that are supposed to be initiated by the motor manufacturing giant Ford in its plant locations of Southampton and Dagenham. Further insights revealed that the job cuts in the motor sector is an outcome of Euro zone powered effect which comprised of uncertainty in the business environment as well as erosion in demand. It was also realized that Ford has focused on consolidating its manufacturing operations in the European region on the strategic grounds, while trying their best to absorb the case of depreciating demand of finished products from the European region. Talking on the lines of impacts and threats faced by the automobile sector of UK, it has to be said that the automobile sector faces serious issues on the lines of rising cost of manufacturing in the UK region as well as highly

Understanding personal finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding personal finance - Term Paper Example This reward will come under the personal finance category. Individuals are also made planning to invest their monetary resources in a proper place so that they can enjoy the maximum benefit. They can deposit in wide range of banking products or stock market instruments (bond, mutual fund, demat account etc.). Banking products include fixed deposit, current deposit, saving account, recurring deposit, many insurance scheme (life insurance, health insurance, medi claim, disability insurance etc). Maximum individuals are like to invest major % of their monetary resource in the banking products especially in the fixed deposit because in such case risk factors are very less and money is invested in secure place (especially public sector banks or government undertaking banking organizations). They also make strategic plans for proper pension scheme, retirement plans, income tax management, wealth tax management, property tax management and social security benefits. Financial planning is the most important part in the personal finance. This can be said that planning is the key component in this field. Without proper and effective planning enhance the amount of personal finance and monitor the flow of financial resources (both inflows and out flows) is very difficult. There are few steps involved in the financial planning. These steps are as follows. Assessment- Assessment is the 1st step of the personal finance planning. It is required to understand the actual situation and financial or monetary position of a person. Financial statements are required to assess the financial situation. The balance sheet will be prepared on individual person and not on the organization. So this is called personal balance sheet. Personal assets such as car, furniture, house, stocks, cash at bank, cash in hand will come under the asset side of balance sheet and personal

Management Principles in the Construction Industry

Management Principles in the Construction Industry Task 1 Management Techniques (1.1, 1.2, 1.3) Define and attribute three established definitions of management Fredrick Taylor observed that workers were often working beneath their potential and he designed a four stage method to overcome this problem; Break the job into its smallest elements Select the most qualified employees to do the job and train them to do it. Monitor the employees to ensure that they follow the prescribed methods. Continue in this way, but only use the employees that perform the work well. In 1911, Taylor published principles of scientific management in which he described methods of work designed to increase productivity. Many studies were performed at the Bethlehem steel company in Pittsburgh where he examined the time and motion details of work operations. He developed better methods for performing specific tasks and trained the workers to perform them. In one experiment he increased the output of a worker loading pig iron onto a rail car. He broke the task down into its smallest operations, timing each one with a stopwatch. The task was then redesigned, reducing the number of movements as well as the effort required and the potential sources of error. Work breaks were introduced at specific intervals for a specified duration and a differential pay scale was also used to improve the production rate. The workers output rate increased from 12 to 47 tons per day! Taylor was known as the father of scientific management. Frank (1868 to 1924) and Lillian (1878-1972) Gilbreth The Gilbreths, a husband and wife team, developed ways to increase workers output. They believed that it was possible to design work methods whose durations could be estimated in advance, rather than using time studies based on observation. One of his studies related to bricklaying. He filmed all of the required movements to perform the task. This enabled him to determine the tasks that made up each stage of the process. As a result, he designed and patented special scaffolding to reduce the amount of bending and reaching. This changed an 18 stage process into a five stage process, increasing productivity by around 200%. The Gilbreths defined motion study as breaking work down into its fundamental elements, studying the elements both separately and both in relation to each other so as to minimise waste. They defined time study as a scientific analysis of methods and equipment used for a task, development of the best way of doing it and determination of the time required to perform it. Frank Gilbreth is known as the father of time and motion studies. Administrative Management Administrative management considers the running of the total organisation. Some of the major contributors are: Henri Fayol (1841 to 1925) was a French engineer. Fayol was the first to distinguish the four management functions: Planning Organising Leading Controlling Fayol was known as the father of modern management His principles of management included, division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline and order, unity of command and direction, subordination of individual interests to general goals, job security and remuneration of personnel. Max Weber (1864 to 1920) was a German sociologist and economist Weber outlined the concept of bureaucracy. He saw bureaucracy as the most logical and appropriate structure for large organisations. Bureaucracies are based on authority which comes from law, procedures, rules, etc. He believed that efficiency in bureaucracies comes from: Hierarchical structure Clearly defined and specialised job functions Use of strict and systematic rules and procedures Appointment of employees to job based and technical expertise Promotions of employees based on competence Clearly defined career paths His work is the foundation of contemporary organisation theory. Mary parker Follett (1868 to 1933) was an American lecturer and management consultant Follets concepts included: The universal goal The universal goal of organisations is an integration of individual effort into that of the whole company. The universal principle The universal principle involves reciprocal response emphasising feedback to the sender, ( the concept of two way communication). The law situation The law of the situation emphasises that there is not a single best way of doing anything, but that it all depends on the situation. Behavioural orhuman relationsManagement, which appeared in the 1920s, dealt with the human aspects of the organisations. Initially, it was a reaction to the shortcomings of the classical theories of management. Behavioural research began with the Hawthorne studies which were conducted between 1924 and 1933 at the Hawthorne plant of the western electric company in Cicero, Illinois by Elton Mayo and his colleagues. Elton Mayo (1880 to 1949) Mayo believed that work satisfaction depends more on working conditions and attitudes than on the level of remuneration. He rejected Taylorism and that work should be considered as a group activity. He proposed that workers needed recognition of their efforts and tnat a sense of belonging was more important than the physical working conditions. Mayo identified the Hawthorne effect. This is the bias that occurs when people know that they are being observed. The Hawthorne studies The Hawthorne studies included the Illumination experiments. The aim of these studies was to investigate the effect of operating conditions on productivity. Illumination experiments were carried out to establish whether better lighting conditions would lead to increased productivity. It was found that employees productivity increased whether the light were turned up or down. However, the increased productivity was found to be a result of the attention received by the group, not the working conditions. Another study found that employees do not work as fast as they can when they are being paid piece rate wages. Instead, they will perform informally to a level set by the group. The conclusion was that there was no direct cause and effect between operating conditions and productivity. Worker attitude and peer pressure was found to be more important. 1.2  Explain the principles and processes of management: forecasting The Principles and forecasting of Management Principles of Management The principles are; To command Maintain the activity among the personnel. Forecasting To be able to predict the outcomes of business behaviour or industry sector through the use of experience, qualification or with the use of statistics or other previous records. (The go to place for management) Forecasting is an effective practice use as a starting point for management planning and decision making. General types of forecasting include trend examination, regression analysis, Delphi technique, time series analysis, correlation, exponential smoothing, and input-output analysis. Daily business planning Planning is an incredibly effective way for managers to stay focused on achieving their own goals and the goals of the organization for which they represent. Organising Build up the structure, both material and human, of the undertaking. Motivating To encourage and inspire other to carry out tasks or jobs to be completed and maintain momentum or the working pace of the operatives. Controlling Seeing that everything occurs in conformity with established rule and expressed command. Coordinating Binding together, unifying and harmonizing all activity and effort. Communicating Henri Fayol published 14 principles of management these principles are: (Fayol) Division of Work. Specialization allows the individual to build up experience, and to continuously improve his skills. Thereby he can be more productive. Authority. The right to issue commands, along with which must go the balanced responsibility for its function. Discipline. Employees must obey, but this is two-sided: employees will only obey orders if management play their part by providing good leadership. Unity of Command. Each worker should have only one boss with no other conflicting lines of command. Unity of Direction. People engaged in the same kind of activities must have the same objectives in a single plan. This is essential to ensure unity and coordination in the enterprise. Unity of command does not exist without unity of direction but does not necessarily flow from it. Subordination of individual interest (to the general interest). Management must see that the goals of the firms are always paramount. Remuneration. Payment is an important motivator although by analyzing a number of possibilities, Fayol points out that there is no such thing as a perfect system. Centralization (or Decentralization). This is a matter of degree depending on the condition of the business and the quality of its personnel. Scalar chain (Line of Authority). A hierarchy is necessary for unity of direction. But lateral communication is also fundamental, as long as superiors know that such communication is taking place. Scalar chain refers to the number of levels in the hierarchy from the ultimate authority to the lowest level in the organization. It should not be over-stretched and consist of too-many levels. Order. Both material order and social order are necessary. The former minimizes lost time and useless handling of materials. The latter is achieved through organization and selection. Equity. In running a business a combination of kindliness and justice is needed. Treating employees well is important to achieve equity. Stability of Tenure of Personnel. Employees work better if job security and career progress are assured to them. An insecure tenure and a high rate of employee turnover will affect the organization adversely. Initiative. Allowing all personnel to show their initiative in some way is a source of strength for the organization. Even though it may well involve a sacrifice of personal vanity on the part of many managers. Esprit de Corps. Management must foster the morale of its employees. He further suggests that: real talent is needed to coordinate effort, encourage keenness, use each persons abilities, and reward each ones merit without arousing possible jealousies and disturbing harmonious relations. 1.3  Identify the motivational needs of individuals and groups, leadership styles and concepts of team working. Motivational Needs Organization of goals, function within addition to ideals among employees, teams and company is the generally essential part of motivation. The better the arrangement and personal union with organizational aim, the healthier the podium for incentive. Anywhere persons find it hard to support and unite with the organizational aims, and then mainly motivational ideas and actions will have a reduced level of success. Motivation is a difficult subject. It differentiates for each person. Motivational receptivity and potential in everyone differs from day to day, from situation to situation. Get the alignment and values right, and motivational methods work out better. Motivational methods of every sort will not work if some people or organisations are not aligned. People are more interested or gravitate towards something they can relate to and something they can believe in. Times have changed. People want more. Motivational and inspirational quotes, poems, posters, motivational speakers and stories, team building games and activities, all develop employee motivation for sales and business staff in all kinds of organizations. Motivational and inspirational experiences improve employees attitudes, confidence and performance. Leadership styles Charismatic Leadership Charismatic Leaders use a wide range of methods to manage their image and, if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice assiduously at developing their skills. They may engender trust through visible self-sacrifice and taking personal risks in the name of their beliefs. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are very persuasive and make very effective use of body languageas well as verbal language. Participative Leadership A Participative Leader, rather than taking autocratic decisions, seeks to involve other people in the process, possibly including subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders. Often, however, as it is within the managers whim to give or deny control to his or her subordinates, most participative activity is within the immediate team. The question of how much influence others are given thus may vary on the managers preferences and beliefs, and a whole spectrum of participation is possible, as in the table below. Situational leadership The best action of the leader depends on a range of situational factors. When a decision is needed, an effective leader does not just fall into a single preferred style, such as using transactionalor transformationalmethods. In practice, as they say, things are not that simple. Factors that affect situational decisions include motivation and capability of followers. This, in turn, is affected by factors within the particular situation. The relationship between followers and the leader may be another factor that affects leader behaviour as much as it does follower behaviour. Transactional Leadership The transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place. The early stage of Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby the subordinate is given a salary and other benefits, and the company (and by implication the subordinates manager) gets authority over the subordinate. When the Transactional Leader allocates work to a subordinate, they are considered to be fully responsible for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding). Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership starts with the development of a vision, a view of the future that will excite and convert potential followers. This vision may be developed by the leader, by the senior team or may emerge from a broad series of discussions. The important factor is the leader buys into it, hook, line and sinker. The next step, which in fact never stops, is to constantly sell the vision. This takes energy and commitment, as few people will immediately buy into a radical vision, and some will join the show much more slowly than others. The Transformational Leader thus takes every opportunity and will use whatever works to convince others to climb on board the bandwagon. In order to create followers, the Transformational Leader has to be very careful in creating trust, and their personal integrity is a critical part of the package that they are selling. In effect, they are selling themselves as well as the vision. The quiet Leader The approach of quiet leaders is the antithesis of the classic charismatic(and often transformational) leaders in that they base their success not on ego and force of character but on their thoughts and actions. Although they are strongly task-focused, they are neither bullies nor unnecessarily unkind and may persuade people through rational argument and a form of benevolent Transactional Leadership. Servant Leadership It is easy to dismiss servant leadership as soft and easy, though this is not necessarily so, as individual followers may be expected to make sacrifices for the good of the whole, in the way of the servant leader. The focus on the less privileged in society shows the servant leader as serving not just their followers but also the whole of society. Servant leadership is a natural model for working in the public sector. It requires more careful interpretation in the private sector lest the needs of the shareholders and customers and the rigors of market competition are lost. Task 2 Leading by Example (2.1, 2.5, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5) 2.1  Describe in outline the main markets, activities and services provided by the construction and built environment sector. The Main Markets New build Housing The housing market is the supply and demandfor homes, normally in a particular country or county, a primary element of the housing market is the average house prices and activity in house prices. The availability of housing and the amount of housing stock fluctuates house prices sectors include the rented sector. Buy to let investment and the requirement from tenants, government intervention controls and Influences the Housing market Interest rates also influence the cost of erratic mortgages market conditions and mortgage activity, plays an important part in whether people are eligible for mortgages financial progress, incomes and unemployment rates population and geographic trends also have influences in this market place The UK Housing Market is habitually unpredictable because of a variety of factors. The UK Housing market often has influence over wider economy. E.g. when house prices are decreasing, consumer spending tends to fall because the housing market always dictates for the economy and individual homeowners, it is essential to try and predict or foresee the future movements in the housing market. Industrial Commercial Markets This industry consists of units generally occupied in the construction and development of commercial and industrial non-residential buildings. This category also consists of elements occupied in carrying out additions, alterations or renovations or general repairs or remodelling to commercial and industrial buildings or in organising or managing the construction. Establishments mainly engaged in the construction of institutional non-residential buildings such as schools hospitals and other government buildings. Infrastructure Markets The general dependable systemsof a community or countries population, including utilities, water, sewage, roads, etc. These systems are considered paramount for enabling growthin an economy. Building and developing an infrastructure often requires huge investment, but the economies of scaletend to be significant. 2.5  Define and explain the application of a mission statement, strategy, corporate planning, policy and objectives to the activities of a practice or firm A mission statement is a formal short statement of the purpose of a company or organisation. The mission statement should guide the actions of the organisation, spell out its overall goal, provide a sense of direction, and guide decision making. It provides the framework or context within which the companys strategies are formulated. Historically it is associated with Christian religious groups; indeed, for many years a missionary was assumed to be a person on a specifically religious mission. The word mission dates from 1598, originally of Jesuits sending members abroad. Corporate planning Corporate planning is the continuas process of making present risk-taking decisions systematically and with the greatest knowledge of their futurity; organising systematically the efforts needed to carry out these decisions, and measuring the results of these decisions against the expectations through organised, systematic feedback. Planning at the highest level in an organisation, involving an analysis of the current situation, the setting of objectives, the formulation of strategies and tactics, implementation and evaluation. 4.3  Describe what is meant by multi discipline non adversarial working in project teams (Lathem Report). Multi discipline means a person firm of group offering multiple disciplines in which they specialize. If a task requires more than one type of specialist/function, it requires multi-disciplined group or person. Non- adversarialmeans there is a spirit of co operation, a passive stance, the parties are willing to reach a mutually satisfying resolution to a problem. There is persuasion rather than coercion. The Lathem report The Lathem report was an influential report written by sir Michael Lathem. Commissioned by the United Kingdom Government and industry to review procurement and contractual arrangements in the construction industry. It tackled the most controversial issues facing the industry during a period of lapse in growth as a whole. The Lathem report of July 1994 was sponsored by UK Government and industry following several poorly performing projects. The inefficiencies identified pointed to the need for partnering and collaboration in the construction sector. The Lathem report 1994 `constructing the team` a joint industry government report was based on a simple concept that through teamwork the construction industry could delight its consumers. The report acted as a wake up with all the urgency of an emergency siren. This was a report that had to be listened to, the industry couldnt but help but hear the cries for reform. The industry was ineffective, adversarial, fragmented, and incapable of delivering for its customers` and lacking respect for its employees` more than just ringing alarm bells the Lathem report set the agenda for reform and gave the industry targets. From this a raft of initiatives flowed. The report led to the establishment of the construction industry board to oversee reform and subsequent initiatives were the Egan report 1998 `Rethinking construction` the construction best practice programme, The movement for innovation` and construction excellence` all designed to drive the industry forward. 4.4  Evaluate the concept of sharing best practice and benchmarking the performance of a practice/firms activities Best practice is a method or technique, method, process, activity, incentive, or reward that is believed to be more effective at delivering a particular outcome than any other technique, method, process, etc. When applied to a particular condition or circumstance. The idea is that with proper processes, check, and testing, a desired outcome can be delivered with fewer problems or unforeseen circumstances, best practice can also be defined as the most efficient and effective way of accomplishing a task , based upon repeatable procedures that have proven themselves over time for large numbers of people. A given best practice is only applicable to a particular condition or circumstance and may have to be modified or adapted for similar circumstance. In addition, a best practice can evolve to become better as improvements are discovered. Despite the need to improve on processes as the environment changes , best practice is considered by some as business buzzword used to describe the process of developing and following a standard way of doing things that multiple organisations can use for managements, policy, and software systems. As a team becomes more popular, some organisations have begun using the term best practices to refer to what are in fact merely `rules` causing a linguistic drift in which a new term such as good ideas is needed to refer to what previously would have been called `best practice`. 4.5  Explain how sustainable Construction and environmental Management/Conservation Issues impact on the organisation and operation of a project/organisation. Sustainable construction Environmental management The strategy for sustainable construction is a joint industry and government initiative intended to promote leadership and behavioural change, as well as delivering benefits to both the construction industry and the wider economy. The output of the construction industry has a major impact on our ability to maintain a sustainable economy overall and has a major impact on our environment, moreover, it is clear that we cannot meet our declared environmental targets without dramatically reducing the environmental impact of buildings and infrastructure construction, we have to change the way we design and build. The business case for sustainable construction agenda is based upon increasing profitability by using resources more efficiently, firms who offer sustainable products and ways of working are more likely to secure building contracts, by enhancing their company image and profile in the market place by addressing issues related to corporate and social responsibility, and sustainable construction. Construction companies competing in this market place must address issues such as: Design quality Energy Health and safety Materials Procurement Skills Social responsibility Surface water management Waste Water use Facilities management Task 3 Organisation (2.2, 2.3, 2.4) 2.2  Identify the roles of the different professions/disciplines within the design construction and installation team and the main cycle of work activity. Design Client, lead consultant, CDM coordinator, Cost consultant, Lead designer, Architect structural engineer, services engineer, contractor Construction Principle contractor, managing director, contracts manager, project manager , site manager, assistant site manager, foreman. Labourer. Installation teams Surveyor, setting out engineer, groundworks subcontractor, brickwork subcontractor, steel frame subcontractor, concrete slab subcontractor, floor screed subcontractor, carpentry subcontractor, mechanical and electrical subcontractor, cladding contractor roofing contractor, telecoms contractor, scaffolding contractor, dry lining subcontractor, British gas southern electric. 2.3  Produce an organisation structure that includes examples and explanations of direct line, lateral functional and staff relationships and also explain with examples, span of control chain of command centralised versus decentralised and job design. Directors Managers Managers Section heads Section heads Section heads Section heads Section heads Section heads Managers Explanations of direct line. The director Directors have many business responsibilities for ensuring the success of their company, in areas such as health and safety, employment law and tax. The contracts Manager He / she will be responsible for the successful procurement, progress and completion of several contracts at any time. Planning and Control Planning Designing a methodical process for accomplishing the goals of the organisation / preparing the organisation for the future Organising Arranging the resources to carry out the plan / the process of creating the company structure, establishing relationships and allocating resources to achieve the organisational goals. Directing Guiding, leading and supervising employees to achieve the organisational goals Controlling Verifying that actual performance matches the plan/ if it does not match the actual plan then corrective action needs to be taken. Lateral functions There are also lateral functions in the job functions and personal roles in the areas of design, planning and construction there are senior managers and operative in all areas who need to liaise and work together to achieve the goals of the organisation. 2.4  Identify project based organisation structures. Health Safety Consultant CDM Coordinator Subcontractors Employees Subcontractors Subcontractors Subcontractors Subcontractors Subcontractors Subcontractors Assistant Manager Site Manager Project Manager Section heads CDM Coordinator The CDM co-ordinator is there to advise and assist with CDM duties  on notifiable jobs. They will: advise on selecting competent designers and contractors; help identify what information will be needed by designers and contractors; co-ordinate the arrangements for health and safety during the planning  phase; ensure that HSE is notified of the project; tell if the initial construction phase plan is suitable; and prepare a health and safety file (this contains useful information  needed to enable future cleaning, maintenance and alterations to be carried out  Safely). The appointment of the CDM co-ordinator is better done soon as possible, but no later than the initial design/preparation stage. Health and Safety consultant Normally familiar with working within a construction site environment, roaming various sites to ensure that health and safety standards are being met according to statuary regulations and company and client standards. The Project Manager A project manager is often a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact needs of the client, based on knowledge of the firm they are representing. The ability to adapt to the various internal procedures of the contracting party, and to form close links with the nominated representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client satisfaction, can be realized. The Site Manager He /She will be responsible for the day to day running of the site the job normally involves Producing the site layout plan Setting up the dimensional control of the works Interpreting the drawings and specifications Liaising with the architects and engineers Checking the quality of the work Ensuring a safe site environment Planning 3.1  Describe techniques used to organise the layout, resourcing and accommodation of the project The techniques used to organise the layout of the project is called a site layout plan. All construction projects of any notable size require the provision of substantial amounts of temporary facilities (TF). One of the initial tasks to be undertaken on any construction site is the construction of the temporary accommodation and associated site compound. The compound is required for safety and security whilst various types of temporary facilities are required the most common being, Office Accommodation   Ã‚  Ã‚   (Reception, General Office, Engineers Office, Project Managers Office etc.) Welfare Facilities Accommodation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Canteen, Toilets, Showers, Drying Rooms etc.) Storage Accommodation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Valuable and Hazardous Materials storage facilities) 3.2  Describe with examples, methods of work planning, monitoring and progress control u

How World War One presented in poetry by Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon Essay

A comparison of the ways in which World War One is presented by Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon in their poetry with close reference to â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est† and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Owen and â€Å"The General† and â€Å"Base Details† by Sassoon. * * * The First World War marked a significant turning point in poetic tradition and history by the revolutionary styles and ideas expressed by the poets. Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon are probably two of the most well known war poets and their poetry was instrumental in this change. Prior to 1914, much poetry was written about wars such as the Crimean War in 1854-56 (The Charge of The Light Brigade by Tennyson who says, â€Å"Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred.) but the great majority of the poets had not experienced war first-hand. Thus, they reinforced the poetic tradition of glorifying war and death. Both Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen, who both fought through most of the First World War, use their poetry in the hope that they can give a more realistic impression of war than the pre-twentieth century poetry. Both Owen and Sassoon present World War One as unheroic, in direct contrast to pre-twentieth war poetry such as The Destruction of Sennacherib by Byron. At the very beginning of Dulce et Decorum est Owen describes the soldiers as ‘Bent double, like old beggars under sacks’. That image is the complete opposite of what we would consider to be a heroic and romantic figure, an attribute that was always given to soldiers in pre-twentieth century poetry. Owen goes on to describe the soldiers as ‘knock-kneed’ and ‘coughing like hags’. Neither of these images can be associated with the glorified, smartly dressed soldier that would be fixed in almost all of the minds of women and children back home. The comparison of the soldiers to hags is not a pleasant one as hags are often scruffy and dirty. The mention of the coughing portrays the many illnesses that soldiers suffered from in the trenches. Although both of them present war as unheroic, they do so in very different ways. The style of Owen’s poetry which is much longer and contains more description than that of Sassoon’s, allows him to expand on the simple description of the horrors of war that he experienced. In Dulce et Decorum est, he describes in graphic and horrific detail the death of a man who was not able to fit his helmet in time during a gas attack. He uses words such as ‘flound’ring’ ‘guttering, choking, drowning’. The word ‘flound’ring’ gives the impression of the helplessness of the man.The onomatopoeic effect of these words gives an image that adds relaism to the horror of war. This makes it more realistic and moreover, more chilling to read. Owen goes on, in the final stanza of this poem to describe the dead man in greater detail. His varied use of language allows him to create shocking imagery which means that the reader can visualise the man. Owen uses phrases such as: â€Å"watch the white eyes writhing in his face† and â€Å"the blood/Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs† The first of these phrases is particularly chilling as it makes the reader think of snakes writhing in his face. This gives the impression of a crazed person, driven insane by what he has seen and what he had suffered before dying. The alliteration of the ‘w’ is also effective as it emphasises the phrase. Owen wants to present the reality of the First World War and in slowing the reader down, he makes them think about what he is actually describing and change the way in which it was brushed over before World War One. The second phrase is also shocking and the use of the onomatopoeic word ‘gargling’ makes it all the more visual and makes the reader feel more chilling. This image of a man choking on his own blood because of gas is very unheroic and it is this that Owen wants to portray – the unheroic nature of war however brave the soldiers may be. This is in comparison to many pre-twentieth century war poems where they emphasise the heroic nature of war such as in a speech in Henry V where Henry says that the man who survives the battle will ‘remember with advantages what feats he did that day’, emphasising the heroic nature of war. Owen’s second poem, Anthem for Doomed Youth also presents World War One as unheroic and unromantic. The very first line of his poem epitomises Owen’s feeling about the young men sent off to war. â€Å"What passing bells for those who die as cattle?† The use of the word ‘cattle’ immediately robs all glory from the idea of war as a whole. The simile compares how cattle are slaughtered for meat to soldiers dying for their country. This is a very unheroic comparison and is effective in what it is trying to portray. On the other hand, in the two poems by Sassoon that I have chosen to discuss, Sassoon does not present World War One as unheroic. His poems, which are short and concise, deal more with the unfairness of war and protest against the generals and commanding officers. However, in The General, Sassoon briefly presents the soldiers in an unheroic way, telling us that Harry and Jack ‘slogged’ up to Arras, instead of the quick, efficient marching of the soldiers that had been frequently portrayed prior to the First World War such as is described in The Charge Of The Light Brigade where Tennyson conveys the riders riding quckly by the phrase, ‘Half a league, half a league, half a league onward.’ The rhythm of these lines show the quick pace of the soldiers. Sassoon’s poetry presents the unfairness and inequality between the front-line privates and the generals who sat in comfort behind lines. Sassoon attacks the establishment of the country and the tone of his two poems is very sardonic, making fun of the generals in quite a light-hearted way but with a pointed message to his poetry. In The General Sassoon presents â€Å"The General† as incompetent and responsible for the deaths many men. â€Å"Now the soldiers he smiled at are most of ’em dead, And we’re cursing his staff for incompetent swine.† The very last line of the poems refers to Harry and Jack who are named in the poem. This makes the general’s attitude and incompetence more poignant and personal to the reader. â€Å"But he did for them both by his plan of attack.† This short last line is to the point and cuts right to the quick. Sassoon does not play with words like Owen but presents World War One is his poetry in the most succinct way. The majority of his poems are no longer than three short stanzas whereas Owen’s can be eight verses long. However, Sassoon’s message is just as worthy as Owen’s is. Base Details is probably Sassoon’s best poem for attacking the generals as using harsh humour it describes them sitting in luxury hotels while men are starving on the front-line with rationed food. He presents the generals of the First World War as ‘scarlet’ and fat. Although the poem is short, he describes the generals so effectively that we have an image of the generals in our head which does not conform to what we might expect, or certainly not what was generally thought of generals before the war. The title of the poem can be read on different levels – the first being the simple meaning of the word as in headquarters, or on another level, the meanings of ‘in short’ or ‘unworthy’. This emphasises their unworthiness of the elevated positions that they hold. Sassoon’s first line seems to sum up all that he is trying to say: â€Å"If I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath,† This one line immediately gives us a humorous image of a general which is almost like those we see in cartoons today of blustering, half drunk generals sitting in offices wheezing with a pipe in hand. In Base Details Sassoon continues his theme of their unworthiness by describing the generals’ table manners which according to him, are disgusting. He presents them as ‘guzzling and gulping’. These onomatopoeic words give the effect of pigs eating at a trough, especially ‘guzzling’. It also conveys them ‘stuffing their faces’ when the soldiers on the front-line are risking their lives day after day with little to eat. We associate these words with animal behaviour and this is indeed what Sassoon is trying to present. He also presents the generals as naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and frivolous, spending the war in the ‘best hotels’ and when their presence was required after a battle they brushed off the importance of war calling it a ‘scrap’. Sassoon’s bitterness is also displayed when the general says ‘I used to know his father well’. This emphasises his bitterness effectively towards the upper classes and old boy network, angry that whether you survive the war depends on class and connections. This bitterness is integral to many of his poems and is also evident, in a less direct way, in The General. Both Owen and Sassoon present the loss of youth in their poems. In Dulce et Decorum est, Owen is bitter towards those who tell ‘children’ – a word which emphasises their youth – the ‘old Lie’ ‘Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori’ or in English, ‘It is sweet and honourable to die for one’s country’. The use of the Latin here emphasises the traditional nature of war and the patriotism that the Latin evokes in men. The idea of the loss of youth is more evident in Owen’s second poem, Anthem For Doomed Youth, where the very title shows all that Owen thinks about sending boys off to war. He himself was only twenty-two when he joined the army and thus would have known about how terrible it was. The words of the title, ‘Anthem For Doomed Youth’ has the theme of a funeral and says how not only youth itself is doomed but youth as an idea. Owen also mentions, in the second stanza, the words ‘boys’ and ‘girls’ which stresses once again the youth of the soldiers and perhaps of their nurses or their girlfriends. Only Base Details mentions the loss of youth in Sassoon’s poems saying near the end that ‘youth’ is ‘stone dead’. Taken out of the context of the poem, this phrase is disturbing – the loss of a whole generation of men and also the loss of innocence of those who survived. In context, the phrase becomes even more disturbing, that more of the fat, drunk generals of sixty, have survived the war, while boys of seventeen have died. The whole line reads: â€Å"And when the war is done and youth stone dead† The casual nature of this line is shocking and represents how Sassoon pictures the generals’ view of the loss of millions of boys. A whole generation has been lost or affected so badly by the war and the majors would ‘toddle’ safely home to bed where they could die. The word ‘toddle’ is very visual and humourously conveys the generals ‘waddling’ back to England as they are so fat. It also shows their child-like nature and their frivolity. The bitterness that Sassoon feels is clearly evident in this poem. In contrast, The General mentions nothing of the idea of youth but concentrates more on the inept nature of ‘The General’. These poems are very different to the nature of those by Rupert Brooke, a young soldier who was killed at the beginning of the war and had experienced little fighting. The first stanza of his poem Peace he describes how wonderful it is that he is alive at this time and he can fight for his country â€Å"Now God be thanked Who has matched us with his hour† He also describes going to war ‘as swimmers into cleanness leaping’, very different to the dirty and horrific conditions that Owen describes. Owen and Sassoon differ very greatly in the structure of their poems – Owen tends to write longer, more detailed poetry whereas Sassoon writes short and succinct poems. Anthem for Doomed Youth is a sonnet which is traditional style of poetry but the themes that Owen deals with are very modern, contrasting with the style that he has chosen to use. However, the rhyme scheme of a sonnet does not always remain true to its traditional form such as in the last stanza of Anthem for Doomed Youth where it is e.f.f.e.g.g. The rhyme scheme of Sassoon’s poetry is very simple and direct, which reflects the nature of his poems. He generally uses alternate rhyme, except the last lines where he uses a rhyming couplet such as in Base Details ‘dead’ and ‘bed’. In The General the last three lines have the same rhyme – ‘Jack’, ‘pack’ and ‘attack’. The rhyming couplet gives emphasis to the end of the poem. Sassoon’s poetry is short, pithy and succinct, conveying one or several points in maybe two or three short stanzas such as The General, which is only seven lines long compared to Owen’s poetry which is usually longer. The style of Sassoon is more colloquial, using soldiers’ slang such as ‘He’s a cheery old card,’ grunted Harry to Jack.’ and tends to be more vitriolic such as ‘And speed glum heroes up the line to death.’ Conversely, Owen uses descriptive and elaborate words that convey the atmosphere and images that the poems evoke, such as his unforgettable and shocking description of the dead man in the third stanza of Dulce et Decorum est. Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon present different aspects of World War One – Owen, the conditions and horrific deaths of the ordinary soldiers in contrast to Sassoon’s pointed and bitter attack against the majors. They do this in very different ways and despite Sassoon’s influence on Owen, their styles are extremely contrasting but no less effective. Their poetry helped mark a radical change in the way war poetry was written and it is their presentation of their themes that effected this shift.